Rook Polynomials and Chess

Rook Polynomials and Chess Introduction Chess is a complex strategical board game. The board on which the game is played is an eight by eight grid. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: eight pawns, two knights, two bishops , two rooks, one queen, and a single king. Each of the six piece types move differently, and each are able to attack, or remove a certain piece, in different directions. The objective of chess is to checkmate the opposing king by placing ones own pieces around the king where it is being attacked no matter what action it takes.. While chess is primarily a recreational activity, the complexity of the movement of the pieces has resulted in it having significant mathematical properties. Chess analysis is complicated because of the multitude of movement options open to both players at every single move. Many mathematical chess problems involve discovering how specific placement of pieces can result in none of the pieces attacking each other, I.e. None of the pieces are within the same line of sight. One particular variation of these problems is the rook polynomial. The rook piece is able to move horizontally or vertically up to a max of eight squares. In combinatorial mathematics, a rook polynomial generates the combinations of non-attacking rooks; no two rooks are in the same row or column. A board is any layout of squares of a rectangular board with (y) rows and (z) columns. While there are, numerous formulas determining rook placement for rook polynomials, this investigation will look into the method of classifying all quadratic polynomials which are the rook polynomial for some generalized board G. Rook Movement and Application As stated, in chess, rooks are able to attack   any square in its line of sight,( i.e. its row or column)   exhibited below If a rook were to fall in the line of sight of another rook, they would be attacking. Rook polynomials focus on nonattacking rooks. The board of a rook polynomial is defined as a square n x n chessboard, but can also include any subset of a board. For instance, on a 2 x 3 chess board, or an L shaped chessboard would be subset of a regular board. To denote the patterns in which multiple nonattacking rooks can be placed on a generalized board, the variable S can represent the ways to place a number of non-attacking rooks. R will represent the rook, and (G) the size of the generalized board, creating the formula rs(G). rs(G) will be stated as rs when the size of the board (G) as the size of the board will be apparent. For all boards, r0 will always be equal to one, because it is impossible to set 0 rooks in differing combinations. R1 will always be the number of squares on the board because rook can be placed anywhere as no other rooks are on the board to attack. Rs = 0 when k is greate r than the number of rows or columns on the board, as there will be no way to place all the nonattacking rooks. The following generalized board provides an example of the equation: According to our determined parameters, for this particular subset r0 would again be equal to 1, and r1 would be equal to the number of squares, in this case six. For r2 there are 8 ways to place 2 non attacking rooks, demonstrated below. x x x x x x x x x X X x x x x x Three rooks placed on the board only allow for 3 different non-attacking combinations, meaning r3 equals 3 x x X X x X X x x Since there are only 3 rows for this particular generalized board any rs>3 as being equal to 0. Using this general principle it is possible to create a polynomial that tracks all of the potential rook combinations on a generalized board. The rss would be the coefficients of xs, resulting in the formula: r0 + r1x + r2x2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+rs-1xs-1+ rsxk The rook placement numbers from the previous generalized board: r0 = 1, r1 = 6, r2 = 8, r3 = 3, r4 = 0, r5, r6,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ = 0 Resulting in the following polynomial: 1+ 6x + 8x2 + 3x3 However it is important to understand that rook polynomials are not unique to a single generalized board. Any board with a similar 3 column lay out would have the same polynomial formula. This leads to the purpose of this mathematics investigation which is to classify all quadratic polynomials which are the rook combinations for a generalized board G. Determining the Quadratic Polynomial Since r0= 1 will always be true, and   r1 = number of squares of (g) the root of the quadratic is: 1 + r1x + r2x2 r1 is determined by board size, therefore it is necessary to discover any r2s where r3 is equal to 0.   If r3 is greater than zero, the rook polynomial could potentially be a cubic, or even quartic. As demonstrated in the previous example, generalized boards with 3 rows will result in polynomials where r4=0 When examining the requirements of r4 = 0, the generalized board must contain two rows of a board and contain squares that are consecutive in each row. As determined preciously, r1 is equal to the number of squares on the generalized board. With that information, we can summarize each row of the board as variables (y) and (z). In this case r1= y+z. With this methodology, (y) and (z) will be placed in a way that the spaces in row (y) are consecutive, and (z) squares are consecutive in the next row. Another important aspect is the number of columns created by (y) and (z). The overlap of the rows will be labeled (p). Using the number of squares in the example, consider r1 to be equal to 12. The possible pairs for (y) and (z) are: 1,11; 2,10; 3,9; 4,8; 5,7; 6,6 To create a formula outlining all the potential quadratic equations of a rook polynomial, any of these numbered pairs will work. In the case of 4,8, if none of the rows overlapped, r2 would be equal to 48. To determine r2 when squares are overlapping, it is necessary to multiply the number of squares in row (y) which are not overlapping by (z), and that to the product of the number of squares overlapping between the two of them and the number of squares not overlapping in row (z). Each square overlap should reduce r2 by 1. To demonstrate: 28+27 18+37 47 If a closer look is taken at each of these equations, it is possible to expand it to and relabel the numbers with variables to create a formula. To demonstrate (38) + (17) = (4-1)8 + 1(8-1) (28) + (27) = (4-2)8 + 2(8-1) (18) + (37) = (4-3)8 +3(8-1) The numerals in these expanded equations can be replaced to reform the formula: r2= (y-i)(z) + (p)(z-1) Simplifying into r2 = yz -pz + pz -   p r2 = yz -p We can insert this equation into the rook polynomial already established to create a formula which can calculate all potential rook polynomial combinations. For example if a generalized board contains row (y) with 6 squares, and row (z) contains 9 squares, with an overlap of p=4, the quadratic polynomial would appear as: 1+(y+z)x +(yz-p)x2 1+(6+9)x +((69)-4)x2 1+15x +((54)-4)x2 1+ 15x + 50x2 Therefore the formula to calculate all potential rook polynomial combinations is 1 + (y+z)x + (yz-p)x2 Discussion and Conclusion Rook polynomials, despite appearing as only a theoretical chess puzzle, actually have a number of practical applications. Various organization problems and layouts can be modeled by the rook problem by equating the objects involved to acting as rooks. A practical application stems from company scheduling. Management may require a specifc number of employees to work their jobs at specific times. However there maybe scheduling issues to ensure no two workers are performing the same job at the same time. A rook polynomial calculation could give insight into the number of combinations of how the workers could be scheduled. The number of workers could represent row (z), and the times available row (y). Each worker must be be at the job and only one time, which is similar to the concept of a rook being at a specific spot that is not attacking any other rook. Depending on the overlap of times and workers available schedule, the formula produce in this investigation could be used to determin e the number of combinations. Another example is if a company desires to hire a certain (y)number of employees on a number (z) different jobs. Each job can only be held by only one employee. By putting both employee number and job number on the rows of a generalized chessboard chessboard, the result is similar to that of a rooks dilemma. When worker A is appointed to job B, it is like a rook is placed on the square where row (y)overlaps row (z). Every occupation will be performed by a single worker, and every worker is assigned to a single job. Therefore all rows and columns in the pattern will contain only one rook, signifying that the rooks will not be attacking one another. The rook polynomial formula could be used to calculate the number of ways the assignments can be executed. However, the investigation in creating a quadratic rook polynomial formula did have limitations. I was unable to expand the formula to examine greater sized generalized boards, requiring that it not reach cubic or quartic levels. I had initially attempted this, but found that I could not find a generalized rule for each and every combination of a generalized board. For this reason, the application to general life problems is limited. My process could have been improved by investigating further into complex rook polynomials such as the Lagueree polynomial.   Ultimately the complexity of chess allow for both simple and complex mathematical analysis, which can produce formulas which have real life application. Having chess as a visual and interactive tool to explore various concepts of math was a helpful resource when performing this investigation. Not only this, but my own enthusiasm for playing chess and studying the intricacies of the math behind the pieces pushed me to write the investigation.

How to get DNA from Banana Extraction Essay

I. Introduction DNA is found in all living cells. A polymer looks like a ladder that has been twisted in a helical form. . The sides of the ladder are acknowledged as the backbone of the DNA helix, and are involve of replicating sugar and phosphate units. DNA has a very important responsibility in the cell, as it encodes for all cellular proteins. s. The proteins expressed in a cell classify the distinctiveness of the cell, and organisms are compilation of several cells. Many of our physical characteristics are ascertained by the progression of our DNA. Banana is the general name for herbaceous vegetation of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. It is one of the oldest farmed plants. They are inhabitant to tropical South and Southeast Asia. Banana is also used to depict Enset and Fe’i bananas, neither of which fit in to the abovementioned class. Enset bananas belong to the genus Ensete while the nomenclature of Fe’i-type cultivars is vague. Removing DNA from a banana may sound like a complicated task, but it is not very difficult at all. The procedure involves a few common steps which include mashing, filtration, precipitation, and extraction. Squashing exposes a better surface area from which to extract the DNA. Substances are also added that will facilitate break-down cell membranes to discharge the DNA. The filtration step allows for the compilation of the DNA and other cellular substances. The precipitation step allows the DNA to break up from other cellular substances. At last, the DNA is detached from the solution. The DNA will be able to be seen at this stage because huge aggregates will have formed. Abstract: The lengthy, fat fibers of DNA store up the information for the working of the chemistry of life. DNA is present in every cell of plants and animals. The DNA establish in banana cells can be extracted using ordinary, daily materials. We will use an extraction buffer including salt, to split up protein chains that attach around the nucleic acids and detergent to liquefy the lipid (fat) fraction of the banana cell wall and nuclear membrane. This extraction buffer will facilitate and provide us entrance to the DNA within the cells. Rationale: Students will monitor first hand that DNA is in the food they consume. Students will study the simple technique of extracting DNA and each step is essential. To learn how chemical substances can split up the cell structures adjacent to DNA. To see how DNA looks like in food. To learn and see the physical structure of DNA through the naked eye. Statement of the Problem: Is the process of human DNA extractions similar from the banana DNA extractions? Hypothesis: If the process of extracting the DNA of human will be similar to extracting the DNA of banana then both of the proteins will isolate because in extracting DNAs of different kinds of cells (plants or animals), purification is the first step in the study and handling of DNA that allow scientists to see the genetic syndrome or pattern of chain ladders in each kind of cells. Although, plants and animals have different structure of cells but both create DNA in nucleus. Scope and Limitations: The scope for this lab is that DNA has critical part of each living thing, giving every cell its individual uniqueness, yet it is simply extracting from a cell. It would be appealing to watch this experiment open out in a laboratory with tools strong enough to observe this procedure and to see the individual strands of DNA. In addition, DNA might have been hard to understand but it’s amazing how this lab can see a lengthy DNA strands coiled. Lastly, it covers the aspect of the cells in nucleus and how the information of the DNA is kept deeper in human’s body, animal’s body, plants even in long or short period of time. DNA is a real secret hiding from every tiny cell in our body and surroundings. Lastly, we used the fruits to extraction because it’s a polyploidy. The limitation of this lab is that the limit of comparing the DNA of an animal cells such as meat and plant cell because there will be an expensive material’s going to be use in extracting animal cells, mainly spinach, broccoli, chicken liver, peas. What I did froe experiment is to compare through internet. The limitation would also be the temperature for isopropyl alcohol. The isopropyl alcohol must be kept cool at most time. Lastly, the precipitated DNA can cause poor outcome because of splitting up the DNA strands. Terminology: Chromosome- A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid; a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. Filtration-The act or process of filtering; the mechanical separation of a liquid from solidify particles floating in it. Precipitation- the condensation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction Polyploid- more than two copies of chromosomes in cell, meaning lots of DNA II. Related Literature Foreign: â€Å"Genetic genealogy is DNA testing that’s done specifically for the purpose of learning about one’s heritage.† by Megan Smolenyak â€Å"DNA is the blueprint for life, and now it can serve as a computer to monitor life’s processes.† by Rebecca Boyle â€Å"The structure of double-stranded DNA is universal in all living cells, but differences occur in the methods for extracting genomic DNA from animal and plant cells† by Keiron Audain Local: â€Å"we describe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in 423 Philippine samples and analyze them in the context of the genetic diversity of other Southeast Asian populations.† by Kristina Tabbada DNA barcoding can differentiate between closely related species that are hard to tell apart, especially large fishes that are difficult to bring back from the field. It can identify products like fish fillets so you know if the grouper you ordered in a restaurant is really a grouper by DR. mudjekeewis D. Santos Sa House Bill 2586 ni Western Samar 1st District Rep. Mel Senen Sarmiento, nakakalungkot umanong isipin na hindi nabibigyang pagkakataon ang mga anak sa labas na kilalanin ang kanilang mga tunay na magulang noong buhay pa ang mga ito kaya’t ang pagsama ng DNA testing ay makakasiguro sa implementasyon ng Family Code of the Philippines bilang bentahe sa paggamit ng makabagong teknolohiya. by GEMMA GARCIA III. Methodology: 1. Get all the materials. 2. Cut the banana in smaller pieces. Put the entire banana in the Ziploc bag. Seal them tightly. 3. Mash them for 2 minutes. 4. In a plastic cup, mix the 1 tsp. of dish soap, 2 pinch of salt and 4 tsp of water. Stir thoroughly until the dish soap is dissolve in water. 5. Add the mixed solution to the mashed banana. 6. Next, make a well with the coffee filter and place it on a cup. Do not let the filter touch the bottom of the cup. 7. Pour the liquid mixture to the filter paper and filter it for 3-5 minutes. 8. In a test tube, fill the narrow tube with a super cold isopropyl alcohol. 9. Add the 2 tsp. of filtered banana mixture slowly, to have two layers of liquid. 10. Let the tube disturb up to 2-3 minutes. 11. There will be a precipitate DNA forming at the tube. 12. To get the DNA, use bbq skewer and twirl it. 13. Place with capped tube filled with alcohol. 14. Clean up all the materials IV. Data and Analysis: DNA accumulated in Banana. The finish product looks like: Chemical| Functions| Dish soap| Dispersing the lipid membranes | Salt| Eradicate the linked proteins| Isopropyl Alcohol| Precipitate the DNA| Analysis: When mashing up the banana in the Ziploc, it helps the cell wall, nuclear membranes and cellular to break down. The extraction buffer helps to discharge DNA from the nearby cell components of the mashed banana. The filter makes easier to liquefy and removes bigger particles from the solution and extracting smaller cell components such as the proteins of the banana. When the filtrate alcohol is added, the DNA precipitated out of the solution. The DNA looks like a white, cloudy or fine stringy substance. DNA is not visible as a single strand to the naked eye, however, if there’ are thousand of DNA strands present; we will be able to see the large group of DNA threads. Also, DNA is present in all living things in a long or short period, even dead animals or human’s centuries ago. That’s why DNA helps many scientists or doctors to identify genetics of each person and/or lineage. Even different kind of cells has DNA, animals or plants, because DNA is saved inside the nucleus. Also, the process of getting meat and fruits are the same because the experiment is to extract and purify the cell components and leave out all the unneeded substance to do the process. That’s why we used filter and dish soap. V. Conclusion/ Recommendation I therefore conclude that the process of extracting meat and fruits are the same because it has cell components and have same parts. The DNA of all kinds of cells is hidden in nucleus where they bring out the genes of each class and family of an organism. Even the person is dead or mummies can be extracted by DNA because there’s a cell living inside us. In doing this experiment, splitting up the cell wall, nuclear membrane and plasma membrane is important. So does in the meat extractions, because this three cell components is present with plant and animal cell. In the lab, DNA extractions collected the sample cells. Second, breaking open the cells to get rid of the lipid membranes. Then, after DNA is free from the cell, it precipitated the DNA as of the solution. Adding salt to the solution triggers the cellular debris and unnecessary proteins in the solution to cluster together. Finally, the isopropyl alcohol is added and assorted into the solution. Since the DNA is not soluble in the alcohol, it will precipitate and become perceptible to the naked eye and simply tested. Reference: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_extraction https://www.migeneticsconnection.org/genomics/genetic%20variation/DNAExtractionBanana.htm http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/DNA_extractions.php

Research about Life

The trip was known in advance only to a few and not announced to the public until the president had left Baghdad alarm space; he was accompanied by only a few select reporters and a small official entourage. The month ended with a spate of violence, much of it aimed at non-American foreigners. Seven Spanish intelligence officers died south of Baghdad Novo. 9 when their Subs were attacked by rocket- propelled grenades and a rifle fire. Separate attacks the same day also killed 2 Japanese diplomats and a Colombian OLL worker, and 2 South Korean contractors were killed in ambush Novo. 30. For all of November, guerrillas killed 104 coalition troops, Including 79 Americans. When they came under attack In Samara, Novo. 30, U. S. Forces struck back, killing 54 Iraqi fighters according to U. S. Military sources, although bodies were not recovered and Iraqi sources claimed many fewer were 1 OFFS largely Muslim nation that supported the U.S. Invasion of Iraq. On Novo. 15, 2 Truck bombs explode d outside 2 synagogues in Istanbul, killing 25 people and wounding more than 250; most had been attending Sabbath prayers. On Novo. 20, Truck bombs exploded in Istanbul, at the British consulate and Turkish headquarters of HASH bank, killing 30 and injuring 450; the British consul general, Roger Short, was among those killed. An anonymous caller attributed the bank attack to al-Qaeda and the Islamic Front of Raiders of the Great Orient, a Turkish group that had also claimed responsibility for the synagogue bombings.A car bomb that exploded Novo. 8 in a residential compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, claimed 17 lives and wounded more than 120. * Bush Visits Britain- Pres. Bush arrived in London Novo. 18 to begin a state visit to Britain. The next day he was welcomed by Queen Elizabeth lat Backing palace; in a speech he urged Britain to stand with the U. S. In a long term effort to defeat terrorism and bring democracy to Islamic nations of Middle East. Bush's movements were sharply rest ricted for security reasons; the usual procession trough the streets was scrubbed, and he did not address Parliament.Ata meeting between Bush and Prime Min. Tony Blair Novo. 20, the 2 deplored terrorist attacks that day in Turkey. The same day a crowd of anti Bush protesters estimated by authorities at 100,000 to 110,000 marched through London streets. President of Georgia Resigns – Pres. Eduardo Spearheaded resigned his office Novo. 23, after mass protest in Georgia. On Novo. 20, the Central Election Commission had certified that his supporters won the parliamentary election of Novo. 2, but international observers had reported instances of fraud, On Novo. 2, protestors had broken into Parliament, forcing Spearheaded, the last foreign minister of Soviet Union, to flee. His decade-long rule had been marked to ward the end by national economic collapse and charges of official corruption. General U. S. Episcopal church consecrates Gay Bishop- The Rev. V. Gene Robinsons consecrat ed Novo. 2 as bishop of New Hampshire, becoming the first openly gay prelatic The Episcopal Church U. S. A. The consecration went forward despite warnings from Anglican primates in Africa, Asia, and Latin Americana it could cause a schism in church.Rowan Williams, the archbishop of Canterbury, issued a statement Novo. 2 that recognized the right of the American branch to choose its bishops, but expressed regret that the concerns of other church leaders had not been given consideration. On Novo. 3, Anglican leaders in Africa declared that they were in State of â€Å"impaired communion† with the U. S. Episcopalian. Man admits killing 48 women in†Green River† case- Gary Ridgeway, a resident of a Seattle â€Å"(WA) suburb pleaded guilty Novo. 5 to killing 48 young women, most of them prostitutes or runaways.Since the sass authorities had been seeking the so-called Green River Killer, who had strangled the women after having sex with them and left many of their bodies near the river. Ridgeway confessed the crime in an agreement with prosecutors that spared him the death penalty; no other serial murderer in U. S. History had been convicted of so many killings. On DCE. 8, Ridgeway was sentenced to 48 consecutive life terms. 2002 DC Sniper Convicted – A Virginia Beach (VA) Jury Novo. 17 found John Muhammad guilty in sniper attacks that plagued the Washington, DC, accomplice, Lee Mallow, currently on trial separately.He was convicted of 2 counts of capital murder, one for committing multiple murders over 3 years and one for killing Dean Meyers in Cot. 2002 to further a terrorist scheme aimed at extorting $10 mil. Muhammad was also found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder and illegal use of a firearm. Prosecutors relied on strong circumstantial evidence, including a rifle mound in his car that ballistics tests showed had been used in 13 shootings. The Jury Novo. 24 recommended a death sentence, which was imposed by the Judge Mar. 9,2004. Mi chael Jackson Arrested for Child Abuse- law enforcement officials in Santa Barbara, CA, Novo. 9 issued an arrest warrant for singer Michael Jackson on multiple counts of child molestation. They said that the pop star would be charged with â€Å"lewd and lascivious conduct† with a child under age 14. Allegations a decade earlier that he had molested a 13-year- old boy had been resolved out of court with a multimillion-dollar settlement. Jackson was booked at the Santa Barbara County Jail, Novo. 20, and released on $3 mil bail; he was formally charged DCE. 18. Jackson rejected the charge as unfounded. DECEMBER 2003 NATIONAL Bush Lifts Tarries on Steel Imports- Pres. George. W. Bush reversed one of his state policies DCE. When he lifted tarries on sport imported steel, effective DCE. 5. His administration had imposed the tarries in March 2002, and they were scheduled to be in effect for 3 years. However, the World Trade Organization Novo. 10 had upheld an earlier ruling declarin g the tariffs illegal, and the European Union and a number f countries had threatened to retaliate against them. South Dakota Congressman Resigns After Conviction- Rep. William Jackson (RED), a former governor of the state, was convicted DCE. 8 of 2nd-degree manslaughter and other charges, and announced he would resign from Congress in January.In August, Sandlots car had struck and killed a motorcyclist. Gore Endorses Dean for democratic nomination – Former Vice Pres. AH Gore DCE. 9 endorsed Howard Dean for a Democratic presidential nomination. Gore, the party's presidential nominee in 2000, passed over another candidate, Seen . Joe Lieberman (CT), his 2000 running mate, and was redirected by some specially for having failed to notify Lieberman of his decision before it was made public. In DCE. 9 speeches in New York and Iowa, Gore praised Dean for being the only leading Democratic contender who had consistently opposed the Iraq war.The 9 Democrats seeking the nomination deba ted that day in Durham, NH. On DCE. 14, Lieberman remarked, â€Å"If Howard Dean had his way, Sad Hussein would be in power today, not in prison. † On DCE. 15, Dean asserted,†The capture of Sad Hussein has not made America safer. † On DCE. 23, consumer advocate Ralph Ender, the Green Party presidential nominee in 1996 and 2000, said e would not seek the party's nomination for 2004. Democrats elected in San Francisco, Houston- In a nonpartisan election, businessman Gavin Newswomen, a Democrat, won a runoff election for mayor of San Francisco DCE. , defeating Green Party member Matt Gonzalez, 53% to 47%; this was the best showing yet by a green in a U. S. Biscuit mayoral election. Newswomen was to succeed outgoing Mayor Wily Democrat and a former U. S. Deputy energy secretary, won with 62% of the vote, defeating Cuban-born Ronald Sanchez, a Republican. Supreme Court Upholds Campaign Finance Law- A 5-4 majority on the U. S. Supreme Court, DCE. 10, upheld the 2002 cam paign-finance law as a constitutional approach to combating spending abuses in a political process.The 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act had been challenged on first-amendment grounds by a number of desperate organizations; they objected to the ban on unlimited â€Å"soft money' contributions to the political parties and to a ban on certain advertising Just prior to elections. California Governor Declares Fiscal Crisis- Gob. Arnold Schwarzenegger (R,CA) DCE. 18 declared that his state was in a fiscal crisis. This proclamation would allow him, he said, to cut pending by $1 50 mil without having to get the legislature's approval.Californians bond ratings had been reduced to near Junk-bond levels, and a state deficit of $15 bill was projected for 2004. Terror alert in U. S. Is Raised to ‘High'- Tom Ridge, secretary of homeland security, announced DCE. 21 that the U. S. Antiterrorism alert status was being raised to â€Å"high† (orange) from â€Å"elevated† (yello w). Ridge said that the danger of a terrorist attack was â€Å"perhaps greater now than at any point since Swept. 11, 2001 . † He cited unspecific new intelligence information that suggested plans to strike during the holiday season. On DCE. 24, Air France, responding Tao U.S. Request, canceled 6 flights between Paris and Los Angles; U. S. Officials reportedly suspected that the passengers on the flights could have links to terrorism. On the same day the FBI circulated a warning to law enforcement organizations to be on the watch for almanacs, since they could be used by terrorist â€Å"to assist with target selection and pre-operational planning. † Some media reports noted the warning humorously, since these general reference works, official the largest * selling is The World Almanac and Book of Facts, are read by millions of people each year. On DCE. 9, the Department of Homeland Security announced a Rule requiring armed air marshals on certain foreign carriers' flig hts entering U. S airspace that intelligence suggested were at special risk of terrorist attack. When a British Airways plane landed at Dulles International Airport outside Washington, DC, DCE. 31, authorities held the passengers, interviewing some, and rescanned the luggage. U. S. Bans Use of Weight Reduction Pill- the Bush administration DCE. 30 said it would prohibit use of Phaedra, a herbal supplement used by millions of Americans to lose weight or to improve athletic performance.Tommy Thompson, secretary of Health and Human services, said the supplement â€Å"was too risky to be used. † Phaedra had been linked to heart attacks, stokes, and sudden deaths. In February 2003, Steve Bechtel, a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, died after taking Phaedra tablets, and a medical examiner said that the supplement was a factor in his death. Special Council to Investigate Leak of Agent's Name- Tatty. Gene. John Ashcroft DCE. 30 removed himself from any role in the investigation int o the leaking of a CIA name Tao journalist.At issue was whether anyone in the Bush administration had violated the awe by revealing the name of the agent, Valerie Blame, to columnist Robert Novak, who published her name in July. The Justice dept. Said DCE. 30 that a special council would head the investigation. Blame was the wife of Joseph Wilson, a former U. S. Ambassador who had publicly cast doubt on an administration assertion of nuclear for 3 years in a row, investors had much to cheer about DCE. 31, as major stock indexes showed large gains for 2003. The DOD Jones industries average has risen 25%to 10,453. 92.A broader measure, Standard and Poor's 500-stock index, posted a 26%gain, moving up to 1. 92. The tech-Agave NASDAQ index advanced 50%, to 2003. 37. Averages were still below their all-time highs of the late sass, however.. Forces Strike Back in Iraq- U. S. Forces continued the tactic of launching massive raids targeting insurgents resisting the occupation. On DCE. 2, 1,0 00 troops raided Hajji, west of Kirk, in an effort to capture an aide to former Pres. Sad Hussein. Ata meeting in Iraq DCE. 6 with U. S. Sec. OF Defense Donald Remorseful, Lit. Gene. Richard Sanchez said that attacks on U. S. Ores were running below 20 a day, half the rate of a few weeks earlier. Remorseful Visits Afghanistan- Amid reports of a growing number of attacks on u. S forces in Afghanistan

Compare And Contrast The Views Of John Searle And Rene...

Edin Palmar PHI2010 Prof. Schuh Module 2 Chapter 4 – Who am I? My mind, other minds, and the Nature of Reality 1. Compare and contrast the views of John Searle and Rene Descartes on dualism. Rene Descartes holds that the mind and the body are two different things. The former being material while the latter immaterial. He also states that these two substances â€Å"interact with each other at some point in the body† (Roca and Schuh, 89). Descartes idea that humanity s mind is its immaterial being and that this being is separate from the material body. John Searle, on the other hand, opposes Renà © Descartes views on dualism in the sense that although there are both the immaterial and the material substances, that the immaterial†¦show more content†¦In his view, the self is ever-changing meaning that â€Å"you are never the same person one moment to the next† (94). This view is related to Milarepa’s in the sense that one cannot find an actual perception of the self. Milarepa states that if one looks carefully into the mind, then one can actually see that there is no self. This correlates with Hume’s claim of the self being an illusion, something that is wrongly perceived or interpreted by the senses. Ch. 5 – Free will and determinism 5. If a computer app beats you every time you play chess, is the computer smarter than you? Does your computer think? I do not think that a computer is smarter than me. Computer applications like chess are programmed with all possible movements and positions that can be applied in each situation. This doesn’t mean they’re smarter or that they can think. They just had someone, a human, program them into making the best move at the appropriate time. 6. Is free will possible if there is such a thing as God’s plan? I believe free will is possible if there is such a thing as God’s plan. If God already has a plan in place that means each of us are already playing a pre-determined role. However, the notion of free will is still present. We still have the free will to do what we can or want. Although we have God’s plan to follow, we can follow it doing whatever we can. There isn’t a guideline we have, we just got to do what we can